What Is the Martial Arts That Start With Like Cei Cei

Codified systems and traditions of combat

Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat adept for a number of reasons such every bit cocky-defense force; armed forces and constabulary enforcement applications; competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preservation of a nation's intangible cultural heritage.^[1]

Etymology [edit]

According to Paul Bowman, the term martial arts was popularized by mainstream pop civilization during the 1960s to 1970s, notably by Hong Kong martial arts films (near famously those of Bruce Lee) during the so-called "chopsocky" moving ridge of the early 1970s.^[ii]

According to John Clements, the term martial arts itself is derived from an older Latin term significant "arts of Mars", the Roman god of war, and was used to refer to the combat systems of Europe (European martial arts) as early equally the 1550s.^[iii]

The term martial science, or martial sciences, was commonly used to refer to the fighting arts of East Asia (Asian martial arts) up until the 1970s, while the term Chinese boxing was besides used to refer to Chinese martial arts up until and then.^[iv]

Some authors accept argued that fighting arts or fighting systems would exist more than appropriate terms on the basis that many martial arts were never "martial" in the sense of being used or created by professional warriors.^[5]

Variation and scope [edit]

Martial arts may be categorized using a variety of criteria, including:

• Traditional/historical arts vs. contemporary styles: e.g., folk wrestling compared to modern hybrid martial arts.
• Techniques taught: armed vs. unarmed, and within these categories
  • armed: by type of weapon (swordsmanship, stick fighting etc.)
  • unarmed: past type of combat (grappling vs. striking, stand-up fighting vs. ground fighting)
• By application or intent: self-defense, gainsay sport, choreography or demonstration of forms, physical fitness, meditation, etc.
• Inside Chinese tradition: "external" vs. "internal" styles

Past technical focus [edit]

Unarmed [edit]

Unarmed martial arts can be broadly grouped into those focusing on strikes, those focusing on grappling, and those that embrace both fields, frequently described as hybrid martial arts.

Strikes

• Punching: Boxing, Wing Chun, Karate
• Kicking: Kickboxing, Taekwondo, Capoeira, Savate
• Others using strikes: Lethwei, Muay Thai, Kung Fu, Pencak Silat, Kalaripayattu

Grappling

• Throwing: Hapkido, Judo, Sumo, Wrestling, Aikido
• Joint lock/Chokeholds/Submission holds: Jujutsu, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Sambo, Take hold of wrestling
• Pinning Techniques: Judo, Wrestling, Aikido

Armed [edit]

The traditional martial arts that embrace armed combat ofttimes encompass a wide spectrum of melee weapons, including bladed weapons and polearms. Such traditions include eskrima, silat, kalaripayat, kobudo, and historical European martial arts, specially those of the German Renaissance. Many Chinese martial arts also feature weapons as part of their curriculum.

Sometimes, preparation with 1 specific weapon may be considered a fashion in its ain right, especially in the case of Japanese martial arts, with disciplines such as kenjutsu and kendo (sword), bojutsu (staff), and kyūdō (archery). Similarly, mod martial arts and sports include modern fencing, stick-fighting systems like canne de gainsay, mod competitive archery and practical shooting.

By application or intent [edit]

Combat-oriented [edit]

Health-oriented [edit]

Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices. This is especially prevalent in traditional Asian martial arts which may teach bone-setting, herbalism, and other aspects of traditional medicine.

Spirituality-oriented [edit]

Martial arts tin can also exist linked with organized religion and spirituality. Numerous systems are reputed to take been founded, disseminated, or expert by monks or nuns.

Throughout the Asian arts, meditation may be incorporated as a part of training. In the arts influenced past a mix of Chan Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian philosophy, the do itself may be used as an assist to attaining mindfulness.

Japanese styles, when concerning non-physical qualities of the combat, are often strongly influenced by Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. Concepts like "empty mind" and "beginner's mind" are recurrent. Aikido practitioners for instance, tin have a stiff philosophical belief of the flow of energy and peace fostering, equally idealised by the art's founder Morihei Ueshiba.

Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the practitioner's spiritual and philosophical evolution. A common theme in most Korean styles, such as Taekkyon, taekwondo, and Hapkido is the value of "inner peace" in a practitioner, which is stressed to exist merely doable through individual meditation and training. The Koreans believe that the employ of concrete force is simply justifiable for self defense force.^[6]

Systema draws upon animate and relaxation techniques, too as elements of Russian Orthodox thought, to foster self-conscience and calmness, and to benefit the practitioner in unlike levels: the concrete, the psychological and the spiritual.

Some martial arts in diverse cultures can be performed in dance-like settings for various reasons, such equally for evoking ferocity in training for boxing or showing off skill in a more stylized mode, with capoeira beingness the about prominent instance. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms (see also state of war trip the light fantastic).

Pahlevani and zourkhaneh rituals is the name of a Farsi Martial arts inscribed by UNESCO for varzesh-e pahlavāni (Persian: آیین پهلوانی و زورخانه‌ای, "heroic sport")^[7] or varzesh-due east bāstāni ( ورزش باستانی ; varzeš-east bāstānī, "ancient sport"), a traditional arrangement of athletics originally used to railroad train warriors in Iran (Persia), and first appearing nether this name and form in the Safavid era, with similarities to systems in next lands under other names.^{[viii] [nine]}

History [edit]

Historical martial arts [edit]

Detail of the wrestling fresco in tomb 15 at Beni Hasan.

Homo warfare dates back to the Epipalaeolithic to early Neolithic era. The oldest works of art depicting scenes of battle are cave paintings from eastern Spain (Castilian Levante) dated between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE that testify organized groups fighting with bows and arrows.^{[10] [11]} Similar evidence of warfare has been institute in Epipalaeolithic to early Neolithic era mass burials, excavated in Germany and at Jebel Sahaba in Northern Sudan.^[10]

Wrestling is the oldest gainsay sport, with origins in hand-to-mitt combat. Belt wrestling was depicted in works of art from Mesopotamia and Aboriginal Arab republic of egypt c.  3000 BC, and after in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh.^[12] The primeval known delineation of boxing comes from a Sumerian relief in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the 3rd millennium BC.^[13]

The foundation of mod Due east Asian martial arts and South Asian martial arts is likely facilitated by cultural exchanges of early Chinese and Indian martial arts. During the Warring States catamenia of Chinese history (480–221 BC) extensive evolution in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, every bit described past Lord's day Tzu in The Art of State of war (c. 350 BC).^[xiv] Legendary accounts link the origin of Shaolinquan to the spread of Buddhism from aboriginal Republic of india during the early 5th century CE, with the effigy of Bodhidharma, to Cathay.^[xv] Written evidence of martial arts in Southern India dates back to the Sangam literature of about the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd century Advertising.^{[ citation needed ]} The gainsay techniques of the Sangam period were the earliest precursors to Kalaripayattu.^[16]

In Europe, the earliest sources of martial arts traditions date to Ancient Greece. Boxing (pygme, pyx), wrestling (pale) and pankration were represented in the Ancient Olympic Games. The Romans produced gladiatorial combat as a public spectacle.^[17]

A number of historical gainsay manuals accept survived from the European Center Ages. This includes such styles every bit sword and shield, ii-handed swordfighting and other types of melee weapons besides unarmed combat. Amongst these are transcriptions of Johannes Liechtenauer'southward mnemonic verse form on the longsword dating back to the late fourteenth century. Likewise, Asian martial arts became well-documented during the medieval catamenia, Japanese martial arts beginning with the establishment of the samurai nobility in the 12th century, Chinese martial arts with Ming era treatises such as Ji Xiao Xin Shu, Indian martial arts in medieval texts such every bit the Agni Purana and the Malla Purana, and Korean martial arts from the Joseon era and texts such as Muyejebo (1598).^{[ citation needed ]}

European swordsmanship ever had a sportive component, but the duel was always a possibility until World War I. Modern sport fencing began developing during the 19th century as the French and Italian military academies began codifying didactics. The Olympic games led to standard international rules, with the Féderation Internationale d'Escrime founded in 1913. Modernistic boxing originates with Jack Broughton's rules in the 18th century, and reaches its present form with the Marquess of Queensberry Rules of 1867.^{[ citation needed ]}

Folk styles [edit]

Certain traditional combat sports and fighting styles exist all over the world, rooted in local culture and folklore. The most common of these are styles of folk wrestling, some of which have been good since antiquity and are found in the most remote areas. Other examples include forms of stick fighting and boxing. While these arts are based on historical traditions of sociology, they are not "historical" in the sense that they reconstruct or preserve a historical system from a specific era. They are rather contemporary regional sports that coexist with the modern forms of martial arts sports as they have developed since the 19th century, often including cross-fertilization between sports and folk styles; thus, the traditional Thai art of muay boran developed into the modern national sport of muay Thai, which in turn came to be expert worldwide and contributed significantly to modern hybrid styles like kickboxing and mixed martial arts. Singlestick, an English martial art tin exist seen often utilized in morris dancing. Many European dances share elements of martial arts with examples including Ukrainian Hopak, Shine Zbójnicki (utilise of ciupaga), the Czech dance odzemek, and the Norwegian Halling.^{[ citation needed ]}

Modern history [edit]

Late 19th to early on 20th century [edit]

The mid to late 19th century marks the beginning of the history of martial arts as modernistic sports developed out of before traditional fighting systems. In Europe, this concerns the developments of boxing, wrestling and fencing equally sports. In Japan, the same period marks the germination of the modern forms of judo, jujutsu, karate, and kendo (amidst others) based on revivals of old schools of Edo flow martial arts which had been suppressed during the Meiji Restoration^{[ citation needed ]} Mod muay Thai rules date to the 1920s. In Mainland china, the modern history of martial arts begins in the Nanjing decade (1930s) following the foundation of the Key Guoshu Institute in 1928 nether the Kuomintang authorities.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Western involvement in Asian martial arts arises towards the end of the 19th century, due to the increase in trade between the U.s.a. with Red china and Japan.^{[ citation needed ]} Relatively few Westerners actually practiced the arts, considering information technology to be mere functioning. Edward William Barton-Wright, a railway engineer who had studied jujutsu while working in Japan between 1894 and 1897, was the first man known to have taught Asian martial arts in Europe. He likewise founded an eclectic manner named Bartitsu which combined jujutsu, judo, wrestling, battle, savate and stick fighting.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Fencing and Greco-Roman wrestling was included in the 1896 Summer Olympics. FILA Wrestling World Championships and Boxing at the Summer Olympics were introduced in 1904. The tradition of awarding championship belts in wrestling and boxing can exist traced to the Lonsdale Belt, introduced in 1909.^[18]

20th century (1914 to 1989) [edit]

Jackie Chan, ane of the best known actors and martial artists.

The International Battle Association was established in 1920. World Fencing Championships have been held since 1921.

As Western influence grew in Asia a greater number of military personnel spent time in China, Japan and South korea during Globe War II and the Korean War and were exposed to local fighting styles. Jujutsu, judo and karate starting time became popular among the mainstream from the 1950s–1960s. Due in part to Asian and Hollywood martial arts movies, most modern American martial arts are either Asian-derived or Asian influenced.^[19] The term kickboxing (キックボクシング) was created by the Japanese boxing promoter Osamu Noguchi for a variant of muay Thai and karate that he created in the 1950s. American kickboxing was developed in the 1970s, equally a combination of boxing and karate. Taekwondo was adult in the context of the Korean War in the 1950s.

The later on 1960s and 1970s witnessed an increased media interest in Chinese martial arts, influenced by martial artist Bruce Lee. Bruce Lee is credited as 1 of the first instructors to openly teach Chinese martial arts to Westerners.^[xx] World Judo Championships accept been held since 1956, Judo at the Summer Olympics was introduced in 1964. Karate World Championships were introduced in 1970.

The "kung fu wave" of Hong Kong action cinema in the 1970s, especially Bruce Lee films, popularized martial arts in global popular culture. A number of mainstream films produced during the 1980s besides contributed significantly to the perception of martial arts in Western popular culture. These include The Karate Kid (1984) and Bloodsport (1988). This era produced some Hollywood action stars with martial arts background, such every bit Jean-Claude Van Damme and Chuck Norris.

Also during the 20th century, a number of martial arts were adapted for self-defense purposes for military mitt-to-hand combat. Earth War II combatives, KAPAP (1930s) and Krav Maga (1950s) in Israel, Systema in Soviet-era Russian federation, and Sanshou in the People'southward Republic of China are examples of such systems. The US armed forces de-emphasized hand-to-paw combat training during the Cold War period, just revived information technology with the introduction of LINE in 1989.

1990 to present [edit]

In 1993, the first Pancrase event was held in Japan.^[21] The Thousand-ane rules of kickboxing were introduced, based on 1980s Seidokaikan karate.^{[ citation needed ]}

During the 1990s, Brazilian jiu-jitsu became pop and proved to exist effective in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions such as the UFC and PRIDE.^[22]

Jackie Chan and Jet Li are prominent martial artists who accept go major moving-picture show figures. Their popularity and media presence has been at the forefront for promoting Chinese martial arts since the belatedly 20th and early on 21st centuries.^{[ commendation needed ]}

With the continual discovery of more than medieval and Renaissance fighting manuals, the practice of Historical European Martial Arts and other Western Martial Arts have been growing^{[ commendation needed ]} in popularity across the United States and Europe.^{[ citation needed ]}

On 29 November 2011, UNESCO inscribed Taekkyon onto its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Listing.^[23]

Revival [edit]

Many styles of Indian martial arts were banned by the colonial authorities during the period of British dominion in India, which led to a decline in their popularity.^[24] Some, such as Kalaripayattu, did non undergo such declines since they were by and large practised in areas of the Indian subcontinent outside direct British control. Other Indian martial art, such as Silambam, while not widely expert in India, continue to be practiced in other countries in the Indian cultural sphere such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Many other Indian martial arts such as Mardhani Khel and Paika Akhada survived by practitioners practicing the art in cloak-and-dagger, or past telling the colonial regime that information technology was a form of dance. While many regional Indian martial arts forms are fading into obscurity, martial arts such every bit Gatka and Kalaripayattu are experiencing a gradual resurgence.^[25]

Testing and contest [edit]

Testing or evaluation is important to martial artists of many disciplines who wish to determine their progression or own level of skill in specific contexts. Students often undergo periodic testing and grading by their ain teacher in order to advance to a higher level of recognized achievement, such every bit a different chugalug colour or title. The type of testing used varies from system to system but may include forms or sparring.

Various forms and sparring are commonly used in martial art exhibitions and tournaments. Some competitions pit practitioners of different disciplines confronting each other using a common set of rules, these are referred to as mixed martial arts competitions. Rules for sparring vary betwixt fine art and organization merely can generally be divided into light-contact, medium-contact, and full-contact variants, reflecting the amount of strength that should be used on an opponent.

Calorie-free- and medium-contact [edit]

These types of sparring restrict the amount of force that may exist used to hit an opponent, in the case of low-cal sparring this is usually to 'touch' contact, e.thou. a punch should exist 'pulled' as presently as or before contact is fabricated. In medium-contact (sometimes referred to as semi-contact) the punch would not be 'pulled' but not hit with full forcefulness. Every bit the amount of forcefulness used is restricted, the aim of these types of sparring is non to knock out an opponent; a betoken system is used in competitions.

A referee acts to monitor for fouls and to command the match, while judges marker down scores, as in battle. Particular targets may be prohibited, certain techniques may exist forbidden (such as headbutting or groin hits), and fighters may be required to wear protective equipment on their head, hands, breast, groin, shins or feet. Some grappling arts, such as aikido, utilize a similar method of compliant training that is equivalent to light or medium contact.

In some styles (such as fencing and some styles of taekwondo sparring), competitors score points based on the landing of a unmarried technique or strike as judged by the referee, whereupon the referee will briefly end the match, award a betoken, then restart the match. Alternatively, sparring may continue with the point noted by the judges. Some critics of point sparring experience that this method of training teaches habits that result in lower gainsay effectiveness. Lighter-contact sparring may be used exclusively, for children or in other situations when heavy contact would be inappropriate (such equally beginners), medium-contact sparring is often used as grooming for full contact.

Full-contact [edit]

Full-contact sparring or competition, where strikes or techniques are not pulled but used with full force as the name implies, has a number of tactical differences from low-cal and medium-contact sparring. Information technology is considered by some to be requisite in learning realistic unarmed combat.^[26]

In full-contact sparring, the aim of a competitive match is to knock out the opponent or to forcefulness the opponent to submit. Where scoring takes identify information technology may exist a subsidiary measure, merely used if no clear winner has been established by other means; in some competitions, such as the UFC 1, in that location was no scoring, though most now apply some course of judging as a fill-in.^[27] Due to these factors, full-contact matches tend to be more aggressive in character, but rule sets may still mandate the use of protective equipment, or limit the techniques immune.

Well-nigh all mixed martial arts organizations such as UFC, Pancrase, Shooto utilise a form of total-contact rules equally do professional boxing organizations and K-i. Kyokushin karate requires advanced practitioners to engage in bare-knuckled, full-contact sparring assuasive kicks, knees and punching although punching to the head is disallowed while wearing simply a karate gi and groin protector. Brazilian jiu-jitsu and judo matches practise not allow hit, but are full-contact in the sense that full strength is applied in the permitted grappling and submission techniques. Competitions held past World Taekwondo requires the utilize of Headgear and padded vest, but are total contact in the sense that full strength is applied to strikes to the caput and torso, and win by knockout is possible.

Martial sport [edit]

Martial arts have crossed over into sports when forms of sparring go competitive, becoming a sport in its ain correct that is dissociated from the original combative origin, such as with western fencing. The Summer Olympic Games includes judo, taekwondo, western archery, boxing, javelin, wrestling and fencing every bit events, while Chinese wushu recently failed in its bid to exist included, but is withal actively performed in tournaments across the world. Practitioners in some arts such every bit kickboxing and Brazilian jiu-jitsu frequently train for sport matches, whereas those in other arts such as aikido by and large spurn such competitions. Some schools believe that competition breeds amend and more efficient practitioners, and gives a sense of expert sportsmanship. Others believe that the rules under which competition takes identify have macerated the gainsay effectiveness of martial arts or encourage a kind of practice which focuses on winning trophies rather than a focus such as cultivating a item moral character.

The question of "which is the best martial fine art" has led to inter style competitions fought with very few rules allowing a variety of fighting styles to enter with few limitations. This was the origin of the get-go Ultimate Fighting Championship tournament (later renamed UFC 1: The Kickoff) in the USA inspired past the Brazilian Vale tudo tradition and forth with other minimal rule competitions, most notably those from Nihon such as Shooto and Pancrase, take evolved into the combat sport of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA).

Some martial artists compete in non-sparring competitions such equally breaking or choreographed routines of techniques such as poomse, kata and aka, or mod variations of the martial arts which include trip the light fantastic toe-influenced competitions such every bit tricking. Martial traditions take been influenced by governments to become more sport-like for political purposes; the central impetus for the attempt by the People's Republic of China in transforming Chinese martial arts into the committee-regulated sport of wushu was suppressing what they saw as the potentially subversive aspects of martial grooming, especially under the traditional system of family lineages.^[28]

Wellness and fitness benefits [edit]

Martial arts training aims to event in several benefits to trainees, such every bit their physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health.^[29]

Through systematic do in the martial arts a person's concrete fitness may be boosted (strength, stamina, speed, flexibility, movement coordination, etc.) as the whole torso is exercised and the unabridged muscular system is activated.^{[ citation needed ]} Beyond contributing to physical fitness, martial arts training also has benefits for mental health, contributing to self-esteem, self-control, emotional and spiritual well-beingness. For this reason, a number of martial arts schools take focused purely on therapeutic aspects, de-emphasizing the historical aspect of self-defense or gainsay completely.^{[ citation needed ]}

According to Bruce Lee, martial arts also have the nature of an art, since there is emotional communication and complete emotional expression.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Self-defense force, armed services and law enforcement applications [edit]

Some traditional martial concepts have seen new use within modern armed services training. Peradventure the most recent example of this is point shooting which relies on musculus memory to more effectively utilize a firearm in a variety of awkward situations, much the way an iaidoka would master movements with their sword.

During the World State of war 2 era William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes were recruited by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to teach their martial art of Defendu (itself cartoon on Western boxing and Jujutsu) and pistol shooting to UK, US, and Canadian special forces. The book Kill or Get Killed, written past Colonel Rex Applegate, was based on the Defendu taught by Sykes and Fairbairn. Both Fairbairn'south Get Tough and Appelgate's Impale or Become Killed became classic works on hand-to-hand combat.^{[ citation needed ]}

Traditional mitt-to-paw, knife, and spear techniques continue to run into utilise in the composite systems developed for today's wars. Examples of this include European Unifight, the Us Army's Combatives organisation adult by Matt Larsen, the Israeli army'southward KAPAP and Krav Maga, and the U.s.a. Marine Corps's Marine Corps Martial Arts Plan (MCMAP). Unarmed dagger defenses identical to those found in the manual of Fiore dei Liberi and the Codex Wallerstein were integrated into the U.Due south. Army's training manuals in 1942^[thirty] and continue to influence today's systems along with other traditional systems such as eskrima and silat.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The rifle-mounted bayonet which has its origin in the spear, has seen use by the United states Regular army, the United states of america Marine Corps, and the British Ground forces as recently as the Iraq State of war.^[31]

Many martial arts are likewise seen and used in Police Enforcement hand-to-hand training. For example, the Tokyo Riot Police force's utilise of aikido.^[32]

Martial arts industry [edit]

Martial arts since the 1970s has become a meaning manufacture, a subset of the wider sport industry (including cinema and sports goggle box).^{[ citation needed ]}

Hundreds of millions of people worldwide practice some class of martial fine art. Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Strange Affairs) claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide.^[33] The South Korean government in 2009 published an estimate that taekwondo is adept by lxx meg people in 190 countries.^[34]

The wholesale value of martial arts related sporting equipment shipped in the United States was estimated at US$314 million in 2007; participation in the aforementioned yr was estimated at 6.ix million (ages six or older, ii% of United states of america population).^[35] R. A. Court, CEO of Martial Arts Channel, stated the full acquirement of the US martial arts industry at US$40 billion and the number of US practitioners at 30 1000000 in 2003.^[36]

Equipment [edit]

Martial arts equipment can include that which is used for conditioning, protection and weapons. Specialized conditioning equipment tin include breaking boards, dummy partners such as the wooden dummy, and targets such as punching numberless and the makiwara. Protective equipment for sparring and competition includes battle gloves, headgear and mouthguards.^[37]

Martial arts fraud [edit]

Asian martial arts experienced a surge of popularity in the west during the 1970s, and the rise demand resulted in numerous low quality or fraudulent schools. Fueled past fictional depictions in martial arts movies, this led to the ninja craze of the 1980s in the U.s..^[38] There were also numerous fraudulent ads for martial arts training programs, inserted into comic books circa the 1960s and 1970s, which were read primarily past adolescent boys.^[39]

In the seventies, lower ranks (kyu) began to be given colorful belts to show progress. This proved to be commercially viable and colored-chugalug systems were adopted in many martial arts degree mills (besides known as McDojos and belt factories) equally a means to generate additional greenbacks. This was covered in the Penn & Teller: Bullshit! episode "Martial Arts" (June 2010).^{[ citation needed ]}

See as well [edit]

• Martial arts timeline
• History of martial arts
• List of martial arts

References [edit]

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4. ^ Lewis, Dan (22 April 1973). "Newest Flick Craze: Chinese Agents". Lima News. p. 30. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via NewspaperArchive. Commencement there were "spaghetti westerns" made in Italia, and and then the Spanish got into the act and they became "gaspacho westerns."
   At present, there'due south going to be an invasion of "chow mein spies." Information technology's the newest rage, the superhero Chinese amanuensis, who takes on 84 adversaries at one time and pounds them into the ground — without a unsafe weapon, except his hands and his feet.
   They're coming here under the label of "martial sciences," an umbrella label that takes in all of the oriental arts of self-defense force, such as karate, jujitso, kung fu and so on.
   They're fabricated in Hong Kong and the biggest hero of them all at the moment, surely the biggest box-office attraction there, is a confront pretty familiar to American television audiences. Call back Bruce Lee, the swift, agile oriental chauffeur in "The Light-green Hornet"?
   (...) Lee already has starred in three Chinese boxer (some other label) pictures and there are several dozen others available to the international market place. They reportedly are sweeping the European market and take merely started to infiltrate the American scene.
   Warner Brothers has but released i called "The 5 Fingers of Death" and, with Fred Weintraub equally producer, is now involved in the first American-Chinese production of a martial-science picture, a film that stars Bruce (Kato) Lee.
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32. ^ Twigger, R. (1997). Angry White Pyjamas. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0753808580^{[ page needed ]}
33. ^ "Martial Arts : Fact Sheet" (PDF). Web-japan.org. Retrieved thirteen August 2015.
34. ^ Kim, H.-South. (2009): Taekwondo: A new strategy for Make Korea Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Auto (21 December 2009). Retrieved on 8 January 2010.
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36. ^ Black Belt Magazine September 2003, p. 20.
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38. ^ see "The Real Deal, The Buzzwords and the Latest Trend" Black Belt Mag, June 1999, p. 78.
39. ^ Tom Heintjes (twenty June 2017). "The Deadliest Ads Alive! | Hogan'due south Aisle". Cartoonician.com. Archived from the original on 25 Baronial 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts

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